http://dspace.mist.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/282 Tue, 21 Apr 2026 03:14:37 GMT 2026-04-21T03:14:37Z http://dspace.mist.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1038 HEAT TRANSFER PERFORMANCE OF COOLING TOWER WITH NANOFLUIDS RAHMAN, MD. HABIBUR Cooling towers are evaporative heat transfer devices in which atmospheric air cools warm water with direct contact between the air and the water by evaporating cooling of water. The main objective of this study is to analysis the cooling tower performance, with induced draft cooling tower and finding out the effect of adding nanofluids of Al Oxide (Al2O3), Zn Oxide (ZnO), and Ti Oxide (Ti2O3) with base fluid as water. This was done by establishing experimental set up supported with computer program and varying the quality of circulating fluids by adding together at different ratio. Recently large numbers of experiments have been carried out to evaluate the effect of nanofluid in enhancement of the heat transfer rate in various heat exchangers. The heat transfer enhancement using nanofluid mainly depends on type of nanoparticles, size of nanoparticles, shape of nanoparticles, and type of base fluid and concentration of nanoparticles in the base fluid. Therefore, this study deals with several experimental investigation of the thermal performance of a prototype mechanical wet cooling tower with a counter flow arrangement. Different volume concentrations ranging from 0.18 to 0.50 vol. % of stable Al Oxide (Al2O3), Zn Oxide (ZnO), and Ti Oxide (Ti2O3) nanoparticles of 80, 35, and 70 nm diameter were considered. Water was taken as a base fluid, and the experiment was carried out at 60, 70, and 80 °C, respectively, in laboratory conditions. The study revealed that an increase in the volume concentration of the nanofluids increased the cooling range, cooling efficiency, convective heat transfer coefficient, tower characteristic called number of transfer unit (NTU), and effectiveness of the cooling tower compared with water at the same mass flow rate and inlet temperature. However, increasing the volume concentration increased the viscosity of the nanofluids, leading to an increase in friction factor. From the result it has been obtained a comparative study on terms of tower characteristics (kav/L), water to air flow ratio (L/G), efficiency, range, percentage of make-up water and evaporation heat loss are presented in graphical form. The graph shows that the performance of cooling tower is affected by the type of cooling tower and the quality of circulating fluids. The graphical analysis shows the cooling tower characteristics and efficiency decreases with an increase in (L/G), the induced draft cooling tower shows better performance than natural draft cooling tower. It is revealed that at higher volume concentration of nanofluid, cooling range would increase by 29% at low flow rates which is also vi accompanied by the heat lost by water, and thereby, average increase in efficiency is 27% at temperature 80°C. This happens more significantly with Al2O3 and ZnO nanoparticles when they are added in base fluid with different ratios. For instance, for 0.18% volume concentration of ZnO, at an inlet water temperature of 66.4 °C and water/air (L/G) flow ratio of 1.93, the cooling range increased by 3.62%, cooling efficiency increased by 33.3%, and NTU increased by 50.5% compared with fresh water (FW). Prediction of thermal performance is necessary for thermo-fluid engineering applications as well as manufacturing industries. Hence, the validation of the developed mathematical model in this study has been carried out by making comparison of the measured and predicted thermal performance. This study presents an intelligent approach based on fuzzy expert system (FES) of a cooling tower. FES links between volumetric concentration (VC), mass flow rate of liquid to air ratio (L/G) and flow rate (FR) and cooling efficiency (CE) and range (CR). To validate the mathematical model, the thermal performance in terms of cooling efficiency (CE) and cooling range (CR), L/G and liquid flow rate are measured on the developed cooling tower and compared with the predicted ones. Values are obtained from experiments on an induced draft cooling tower with nanofluids in different VC of 0%, 0.06%, 0.18% and 0.30%, respectively. The efficiency of nanofluids slightly increases about 5.04–8.82% with the growth of VC related to water at the highest value of L/G. Whereas, the efficiency significantly increased about 11–50% with the increase of VC at the lowest value of L/G. FES model has been developed for the prediction of cooling efficiency and range with nanofluid in different VC. For instance, in case of CE, the mean of measured (experiment) and predicted (FES) values have been found as 15.84% and 15.90%, respectively. Similarly, for CR, the values have been found as 3.30°C and 3.28°C, respectively. The correlation coefficients of cooling efficiency and cooling range are found as 0.961, and 0.997, respectively. The mean relative error of measured and predicted values from the FES model on cooling efficiency and cooling range are found as 9.0 % and 5.87 %, respectively. For all parameters, the relative error of predicted values are found to be less than the acceptable limits of 10 %. The goodness of fit of the prediction values from the FES model on cooling efficiency and cooling range are found as 0.960 and 0.987, respectively, which are found to be close to 1.0 as projected. The results indicate that there is less variability of the measured data and predicted data vii of the counter flow induced draft cooling tower with water and with nanofluids in different volume concentration. It also indicates that the predicted data over the measured data has a good agreement and thus substantiates the validity of the mathematical model. In this study, according to assessment principles of predicted performance of the developed fuzzy expert system based intelligent model has been found to be valid. It is an innovative adaption leading to technological capacity building which has a remarkable contribution to enhance the machine life, better-efficient outcome and friendly to the aquatic and environmental system. At first, the author expresses his heartiest thanks to the Almighty Allah for giving the patience and potentiality to complete the thesis work. I also express my appreciation to all the people who have given their hearts whelming full support in preparing and completing the study. I am highly pleased to express my sincere and profound gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Mohammad Ali, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh for providing me the opportunity to conduct research on nanofluids for cooling tower. I wish to express my deepest thanks to him for his continuous with patience guidance, suggestions, inspiring advice, constructive suggestions with enthusiastic supervision and wholehearted help throughout the course of the work. I am also thankful to Lt Col Md. Altab Hossain, PhD, Associate Professor, Dept of Nuclear Science and Engineering (NSE), Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka for his continuous guidance to shape my research work. I am also grateful to Head and all Faculty Members, Dept of Mechanical Engineering for their dedicated and relentless support both for literature and experimental work. I would also express my deepest gratitude to my wife, my beloved sons and other family members for their support and encouragement. Finally, I am grateful to almighty Allah for enabling me to complete the thesis. Tue, 01 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://dspace.mist.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1038 2025-07-01T00:00:00Z